Dealing with Change in Life - 646 Words

We all have dealt with change at one point in our life. Change comes in many ways from having a new baby being born to transitioning to a new career. What I call this is forces of change. Secondly is how we process that change. It may simple and it may not be simple. Lastly once you process the change you are then able to manage change. If you manage change you will not be as stressed if you let it take over you. Change is never when you are ready. Yes you may plan to move to a new home or new state but you are still dealing with stress. The majority of us have change come to us when we are not ready. The most change that we have in our life is that of career change or work changes. We see it every day businesses may close or merge with another business. This is a big deal because people need to look for a new job or plan to retire. This change would be consider planned change. (Nelson Quick, 2013 p.668). Another change is that when managers are changed at your job. Managers come and go in a company. Many managers will move up in the company and many will pursue a different career. This is tough for employees to deal with because they get use to working in one direction until someone new comes in. This is consider to be unplanned change. (Nelson Quick, 2013 p668). Many companies do change as a globalize style. To me having a globalize style of change is planned and unplanned. I say this be cause the company knows where they are moving or when they are moving, but no oneShow MoreRelatedProblems Human Service Clients are facing1123 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Problems Human Service Clients are facing Tosha Hawes BSHS/305 Instructor: Angela Murray The Range of Problems facing Human Service Clients Clients are rarely dealing with just one issue at a time. Individuals, groups, and communities are facing a wide range of problems. These problems could range from housing needs, food, mental illness, drug abuse, or family issues, which may be difficult to deal with on just one level. Those individuals or groups and the problems they are facingRead MoreThe Necklace Short Story889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe truth and do the best they can with their situation? The quote â€Å"We dont get to choose what is true. We only get to choose what we do about it.† from Kami Garcia states that when presented with a challenge or an inconvenient truth, one cannot change the circumstances given, but they do have a choice in how they react to the truth. In addition, no one way of handling truth is right or wrong and everyone will react differently to a situation. Nevertheless, there are better and worse ways of handlingRead MoreEssay Teens Emotional Reactions after Parents Separation975 Words à ‚  |  4 Pagesthat happens because going through a situation like this is not something that is easy, and many emotions become involved. Dealing with their parents can be difficult for some teens, but for many others, they feel as if a divorce will make their family happier without seeing all of the fighting. Handling divorce is so difficult when it comes to teens, and is a process of life. Not all teens have the same reactions that other teens may experience in the different living environments. Seeing that yourRead MoreEssay on The Cheese Is Moving: Help Me to Change!1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe book â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese?† (Johnson, 1998) is an allegory of how people react to change. The story is of how two mice, Sniff and Scurry, and two littlepeople, Hem and Haw react to life in the â€Å"Maze† in their search for â€Å"cheese.† The â€Å"cheese† is a metaphor for the things that we want in our lives. For different people this represents different things they seek to make them satisfied. â€Å"The â€Å"Maze† in the story represents where you spend time looking for what you want† (Johnson, 1998, p.14)Read MorePrimary Aging Of Older Adults898 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary aging refers to the normal and intrinsic processes of biologic al aging (PSYC 401: Lisa Hollis-Sawyer, personal communication 10/11/11). Skin changes and hair changing to gray hair are examples of primary aging in older adults. In addition, in primary aging, the sensory senses begin to change in older adults. The aging-related changes, in the integumentary system due to aging are graying of the hair wrinkling of skin, reduced skin, dry skin, thicker nails and age spots (PSY:403 ShannonRead MoreClimate Change : A Global Threat For The Population1377 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change is viewed as new global threat for the population all around the world. Climate change can be define as â€Å"Disturbance in environment and climate patterns with respect to increased level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen ratio†. Climate change is now tagged as critical security problem for present and upcoming generations with the passage of time. It is now predicted that these climate changes will increase the risk of violent conflict. Climate change is not only affectingRead MoreThe Effect Of Peer Pressure On Teens And Schools Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagestheir own, so they look for peers to make their decision or for their peers opinions (Dealing with peer-pressure 1 ). If s chools would implement peer pressure programs it would benefit the decision that teenagers are making. It would also teach them how not to fall under the influence of peers. Teenagers tend to let peers influence them in a negatively way. Which cause drastic changes in their everyday life (Dealing with peer-pressure 1). Teenagers who are involved with peer pressure faceRead MoreFamily Life Cycle Position Paper887 Words   |  4 PagesThe Family Life Cycle Winston-Salem State University The dynamics of the â€Å"Family Life Cycle† are forever changing due to environmental factors around us. We live in a country that has legalized same sex marriages and the media glorifies a dysfunctional government. So this leads us to the â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† debate. The â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† dispute has been around for years. The issue is trying to determine which factors have the greatest influence on human behavior. Environmental factorsRead MoreRichard Lazarus and Susan Folkmans and Stress and Coping Paradigm1526 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman’s and stress and coping paradigm and in view of this paradigm explain age and individual difference in the experience and handling of stress 1. Introduction Stress is induced by life events .Lazarus and Flokman in (Cavanaugh and Blanchard –Field (2005) point out stress is defined by the person and that no two people experiences stress the same event in exactly the same way. Each individual has a specific tolerance for stress dependingRead MoreGestalt Therapy Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Overview Founder and developer of Gestalt Therapy, Fritz Perls MD, PhD, was born in 1893 to a Jewish family and passed away in 1970. Perls became inspired to start Gestalt therapy after his experiences with soldiers in World War I that were dealing with side effects due to being gassed. With the help of his wife, Laura Posner Perls, PhD, a strong foundation for Gestalt therapy was created. They wanted a therapy that stressed the importance of humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely

Smugging in the Square Homosexuality as a Literary Device...

What can be said of the menacing literary masterpiece that is A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is that the gender issues Joyce so surreptitiously weaves into Stephan Dedalus’s character create sizable obstacles for the reader to overcome. Joyce expertly composes a feminine backdrop in which he can mold Stephan to inexplicably become innately homosexual. As Laurie Teal points out â€Å"†¦ Joyce plays with gender inversion as a uniquely powerful tool of characterization.†(63) Stephan’s constant conflict with himself and what he wants generate a need for validation that he tries to simulate through day dreams and fantasies but is ultimately unable to resolve. Through exploring the tones of characterization and the character development of†¦show more content†¦This phallic image becomes distorted by the pain experienced by Stephan and in so wrongly, subconsciously interpreted as sexual cruelty. Stephan’s continued isolation and inability t o recognize normal is initiated at this time. Stephan regards the beating not as a normal party of Irish schooling, but as a personal attack on his being. The adjectives of firm and soft are employed by Joyce to â€Å"mood† the setting and produce sexual connotation instead of disciplinary connotation. This confused sexuality is the whole purpose of the passage. We need it only to see that in Stephan’s development, he has created an inversion in his thought process. Suddenly, masculinity is violence, arrogance even. Stephan admittedly wants to feel acceptance, a harmony with his environment. Harmony is the opposite of violence. Here, Stephan finds a feminine niche in which to live: harmony without masculine violence. Soon there after, Stephan’s triumph after speaking with the rector creates a joy that he has not experienced before. The act of telling the rector that he was mistreated by the prefect of studies initiates a weakness within Stephan that he can no lo nger deny. This confusing turn of events leaves Stephan’s subconscious in shambles and exposes him in the most crucial stages of development. By rejecting the masculine urge to suck it up, he forfeits his right to the male gender. The pairing

Skeuomorphic and Flat Design Essay Example For Students

Skeuomorphic and Flat Design Essay What is skeuomorphic design? This word, in all its obscurity, describes the way design borrows particular features from the past i. e. shutter noises that are prerecorded to remind us of analog film cameras or calendars that use lined paper or ring bindings. The official explanation for what constitutes skeuomorphic design goes something like this. â€Å"A skeuomorph is a physical ornament or design on an object copied from a form of an object when made from another material or by other techniques†. While this explanation only mentions â€Å"physical ornaments† digital design has seen the popularity of skeuomorphism rise since the introduction of the iOS inspired trends such as realistic textures and life-like control. The opposite of this is called â€Å"Flat style† to which Microsoft’s Metro UI is the most commonly used example. Flat style incorporates minimalism, lack of texture or lighting effects for flat shapes and colours. To put it in a more precise way this new trend is not always about Skeuomorphism, which implies connections to past designs but rather, more often about realism. Realism is a purely visual style that tries to imitate real world materials and textures, which can be exemplified by Apples use of leather textures in some of their own apps. Often these 2 design styles can be used in conjunction with each other: Skeuomorphic design tends to look realistic to make the connection to the real life object obvious and realistic objects tend to look skeuomorphic because the realism would look weird and out of place otherwise. So if we look at realism as a purely visual style we can see that skeuomorphism affects design on a much deeper level. Loren Brichter from Tweetie Letterpress states, Skeuomorphism is not bad at all. We need that to interact with devices in a human way. Gaudy textures are just a visual design problem I hope they tone it down. â€Å" So if this issue is â€Å"gaudy textures†, how did we end up with them? And how come designers are getting tired of them? The recent backlash against flat design can be traced to the introduction of the iPhone way back in 2007. Before the iPhone realistic user interfaces were something that we only really saw in video games. In order to immerse the players into the game world designers created their interfaces from wood, stone and metal. Diablo 2 is a prime example of this sort of design, where by stone-wrought menu screens and glass health meters supported by gothic statues are used. In a more serious context realism is still very limited, one notable exception was the introduction of glass, web 2. 0 style buttons on early versions of Mac OS X. One might say that these incarnations of â€Å"gaudy† buttons were early warning signs for Steve Job’s obsession with realism. With iOS however, apple decided to embrace realism further as the appeal of realism is something that undeniably cannot be ignored. As much as we are used to and probably slightly sick of the use of textures and page turn animations, before the introduction of the iPhone consumers had never experienced this kind of OS interface, especially not on a mobile phone. Its important not to forget that the iPhone was a completely new type of device to users and that by using realism it was a way to link the past to the future. A mediums technical restraint will always influence the art that is being produced and this is as true for mobile devices as it is for a painter creating a portrait. There are some practical factors that mean that realism works well on the iPhone; for starters, on a smartphone apps take up the entirety of the screen, unlike a desktop computer. This means that 2 apps will never be displayed side by side meaning that different design styles can be expressed without the risk of incoherence. It is important to note that the iPhone was intended to be used by a finger as opposed to a stylus, Apple designers found out this meant the touch target area couldn’t be smaller than a certain size, 44 x 44 pixels according to Apple’s Human Interface Guidelines. .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .postImageUrl , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:hover , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:visited , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:active { border:0!important; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:active , .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20 .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf104cc45845a50c2a85cf2f867fddb20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The design and planning phase EssayPrevious smartphones used bunched up lists and smaller icons, which meant that attention to design details and graphic aesthetic was limited at best. Fancy design and graphical elements just didn’t have the space within the simplified interface. In terms of the iPhone, it’s larger touch targets led to changing requirements to preserve space but have optimum usage. This led to a less is more approach to interface design. So what are the issues with skeuomorphic design? As I’ve mentioned previously a lot has been said about the way skeuomorphism and realism are displayed, usually resulting in tacky looking leather or wooden UI controls. So to start, if realism is done wrong then it becomes unpleasant and â€Å"cheap†, after all buying a fake leather jacket or mock wood flooring are considered to be distasteful so the same can be said for our touch screens. There are also issues with skeuomorphic design being executed in the wrong way: just by making an object look real but not operate in the way it is meant to is known as the â€Å"uncanny value† in interface design. The best example of this is Apple’s Contacts app for the iPad, it’s interface looks identical to iBooks, yet Contacts doesn’t let the user swipe left and right to flip between pages thus rejecting the convention of how we read a book. The more pressing and subtle issue lies in the functionality of skeuomorphic interfaces regardeless of whether they appear realistic or not. Often when borrowing ideas from a previous design you are forced to work within the previous incarnations limits, even if those limitations don’t exist today. For example if we look at some modern calendar app designs they use a single page per month interface rather than using a central view to focus on that current week. This is a convention carried over from real life calendar design whereby the object is limited by the physical concept of a page. Another quite interesting example is the calculator for Apple iOS which apps a realistic calculator to simulate the physical calculators limits within a digital space and features single line screen and minimal button options. In contrast to this if we look another app that uses the same iOS called Calcbot it does a much better job at reducing those limitations by using a â€Å"history† function that actual calculators wouldn’t have. When executed in the correct way skeuomorphism and realism are able help the user make associations with the objects real life counterpart. Sometimes this association can be a bad thing, as it doesn’t allow for building upon and improving what has been done before. Flat style, like skeuomorphic is not without its own problems too. To start as a fairly new design concept it is inevitably going to be abused by designers who want to jump on the bandwagon without consideration for their design choices. In comparison to realism being taken too far and it being seen as distasteful, minimalism can compromise and objects usability if taken too far. The user has taken to relying on clues to navigate through the interface, hints from rounded corners on buttons to subtle gradients, inner shadows and floating navigation bars all help to provide us with definition. Remove these elements and we are left with a flat interface, void of any texture of realism where everything becomes slightly confusing. Buttons become banners and suddenly were unsure whether we should tap or not. As practitioners of design it is important to maintain functionality as well as clever design, so does this flat style mean that we will have to put aside our own aesthetic ideals in rue of functionality? Do our aesthetic pursuits in some way compromise the needs of the user? Sometimes repetition of a previous visual style is a means to an end. .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .postImageUrl , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:hover , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:visited , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:active { border:0!important; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:active , .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0 .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bb293b82bd40b004f7780dbc4b3cbc0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Next Millennium Of Graphic Design EssayIf the object calls for realism then the object should look and operate on a realistic level but if the aesthetic of flat design completes the design objective better then maybe it is better to move on from skeuomorphic and realism and embrace modern minimalism once again. With the release of the latest iOS 7 from Apple we have seen a dramatic change in the user interface, as it seems that apple has embraced flat minimalism over realism ending much of the hyped speculation and comparisons to the â€Å"Apple vs Microsoft† debate. So does this mean that realistic app design is a thing of the past? In my opinion I think that flat design forces you to care about typography and the layout of a page, both being areas that web design has lost out to by its print counterpart. When looking at mobile technology flat design makes it easier to focus on animations or interactions, using apps like Letterpress and Clear are more comforting on the eye. This is not to say that realism doesn’t have its place it’s just that until our tools can catch up there is nothing wrong with keeping it simple and lightweight.

Poverty And Social Structure Essays - Homelessness, Humanitarian Aid

Poverty And Social Structure Pitzak, Chris Soc. 422 Dr. Heaton May 17, 1999 POVERTY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES Although the United States is one of the richest countries in the world many of it's people sleep in the streets, dig through garbage cans to find food, and carry all that they own in this world on their backs or in shopping carts. These people are known as the homeless. Recently I had the opportunity of helping, and at the same time being educated by one of the members of this unfortunate group. I was able to experience first hand how a homeless person thinks and feels through an intimate means of communications popularly known as writing notes. Why writing notes? Because the individual that I invited into my home and fed was both deaf and mute. He was male, middle aged, and of African American decent. Needless to say it was a conversation unlike any I have ever had. In this paper, I plan to detail the observations I made during our interaction, specifically addressing how social structures form a key element in both the lives of the affluent and indigent. I met Reggie through some of my friends. He was homeless and in need of help. One night he knocked on my door and wrote on his piece of paper, may I come in? I nodded affirmatively and motioned him to have a seat on the couch. After retrieving a pad of paper and pen, we began to communicate. We began with a couple of trivial questions and then I asked if he would like something to eat. He responded by writing yes please on his pad of paper and I quickly prepared some of the food we had in our refrigerator. As he ate, I asked him about himself and how he had arrived at the position he was currently in. He said he was from Virginia and was Mormon. He had been baptized there and learned that there were a large number of Mormons in Utah, and for that reason decided to move to out here. He had a car and so he packed his few belongings and came out to live with a people who had the love of Christ and would be more accepting. He obtained a minimum wage job and even a small apartment. Things seemed to be going good. After a short period of time Reggie lost his job because he missed too many days without notifying his employer, a result of his genetic disabilities, and shortly after could not pay rent. At the time I talked with him he was living in his old beat up car, trying to find a meal. Why did Reggie find himself in this impoverish state, and why was he unable to climb out of it? I believe it is largely because of social structures, namely his networks. When individuals form networks or groups they tend to associate with those who are like them. Equity theory explains this by claiming that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners. This would infer that networks would exist between those within a specific class but not across classes. By forming associations with those of equitable status, the rich form a very supportive network and the poor form a network that can sympathize with their situation at best. Networks are vital to class mobility in that they are critical in molding life chances, providing

Causes of the Latin American Revolution

Causes of the Latin American Revolution As late as 1808, Spains New World Empire stretched from parts of the present-day western US to Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. By 1825, it was all gone except for a handful of islands in the Caribbean- broken into several independent states. How could Spains New World Empire fall apart so quickly and completely? The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. Lack of Respect for the Creoles By the late eighteenth century, the Spanish colonies had a thriving class of Creoles (Criollo in Spanish), wealthy men and women of European ancestry born in the New World. The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family four generations of whom who had lived in Venezuela, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. Spain discriminated against the Creoles, appointing mostly new Spanish immigrants to important positions in the colonial administration. In the audiencia (court) of Caracas, for example, no native Venezuelans were appointed from 1786 to 1810. During that time, ten Spaniards and four creoles from other areas did serve. This irritated the influential Creoles who correctly felt that they were being ignored. No Free Trade The vast Spanish New World Empire produced many goods, including coffee, cacao, textiles, wine, minerals and more. But the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and at rates advantageous for Spanish merchants. Many Latin Americans began selling their goods illegally to the British colonies and after 1783, U.S. merchants. By the late 18th century, Spain was forced to loosen some trade restrictions, but the move was too little, too late as those who produced these goods now demanded a fair price for them. Other Revolutions By 1810, Spanish America could look to other nations to see revolutions and their results. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (1765–1783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic society- later, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. Other revolutions were not as positive. The Haitian Revolution, a bloody but successful uprising of slaves against their French colonial owners (1791–1804), terrified landowners in the Caribbean and northern South America, and as the situation worsened in Spain, many feared that Spain could not protect them from a similar uprising. A Weakened Spain In 1788, Charles III of Spain, a competent ruler, died and his son Charles IV took over. Charles IV was weak and indecisive and mostly occupied himself with hunting, allowing his ministers to run the Empire. As an ally of Napoleons First French Empire, Spain willingly joined with Napoleonic France and began fighting the British. With a weak ruler and the Spanish military tied up, Spains presence in the New World decreased markedly and the Creoles felt more ignored than ever. After Spanish and French naval forces were crushed at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, Spains ability to control the colonies lessened even more. When Great Britain attacked Buenos Aires in 1806–1807, Spain could not defend the city and a local militia had to suffice. American Identities There was a growing sense in the colonies of being separate from Spain. These differences were cultural and often a source of great pride among Creole families and regions. By the end of the eighteenth century, the visiting Prussian scientist Alexander Von Humboldt (1769–1859) noted that the locals preferred to be called Americans rather than Spaniards. Meanwhile, Spanish officials and newcomers consistently treated creoles with disdain, maintaining and further widening the social gap between them. Racism While Spain was racially pure in the sense that the Moors, Jews, gypsies and other ethnic groups had been kicked out centuries before, the New World populations were a diverse mixture of Europeans, Indians and blacks brought in as slaves. The highly racist colonial society was extremely sensitive to minute percentages of black or Indian blood. A persons status in society could be determined by how many 64ths of Spanish heritage one had. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to buy whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. This caused resentment within the privileged classes. The dark side of the revolutions was that they were fought, in part, to maintain a racist status quo in the colonies freed of Spanish liberalism. Final Straw: Napoleon Invades Spain 1808 Tired of the waffling of Charles IV and Spains inconsistency as an ally, Napoleon invaded in 1808 and quickly conquered not only Spain but Portugal as well. He replaced Charles IV with his own brother,  Joseph Bonaparte. A Spain ruled by France was an outrage even for New World loyalists: Many men and women who would have otherwise supported the royalist side now joined the insurgents. Those who resisted Napoleon in Spain begged the colonials for help but refused to promise to reduce trade restrictions if they won. Rebellion The chaos in Spain provided a perfect excuse to rebel and yet not commit treason. Many Creoles said they were loyal to Spain, not Napoleon. In places like Argentina, colonies sort of declared independence, claiming they would only rule themselves until such time as Charles IV or his son Ferdinand was put back on the Spanish throne. This half-measure was much more palatable to those who did not want to declare independence outright. But in the end, there was no real going back from such a step. Argentina was the first to formally declare independence on July 9, 1816. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. By that time, Spain was between a rock and a hard place: The creoles clamored for positions of influence in the colonial bureaucracy and for freer trade. Spain granted neither, which caused great resentment and helped lead to independence. Even if Spain had agreed to these changes, they would have created a more powerful, wealthy colonial elite with experience in administering their home regions- a road that also would have led directly to independence. Some Spanish officials must have realized this and so the decision was taken to squeeze the utmost out of the colonial system before it collapsed. Of all of the factors listed above, the most important is probably  Napoleons invasion of Spain. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. By the time Spain was beginning to stabilize- Ferdinand reclaimed the throne in 1813- colonies in Mexico, Argentina, and northern South America were in revolt. Sources Lockhart, James, and Stuart B. Schwartz. Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Lynch, John.  Simà ³n Bolà ­var: A Life.  2006: Yale University Press.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899.  Washington: Brasseys, 2003.Selbin, Eric. Modern Latin American Revolutions, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2018.

The Meanings and Connotations of Junior and Senior

The Meanings and Connotations of Junior and Senior The Meanings and Connotations of â€Å"Junior† and â€Å"Senior† The Meanings and Connotations of â€Å"Junior† and â€Å"Senior† By Mark Nichol Aside from their literal meanings, junior and senior have an array of connotations related to hierarchy. Junior, from the Latin term juvenis, from which juvenile is also derived, refers to someone younger than another. It also applies to a young person or, more specifically, a son. Until well into the twentieth century, a boy or a young man might be addressed as Junior (though it was generally considered derogatory or at least condescending when directed at an adult), and the tradition persists of appending the abbreviation Jr. (no intervening comma is necessary) to the name of a male child who shares his father’s exact name. Junior also applies to academic standing; in a four-year collegiate or secondary school system, a junior is someone in the third of four years of study. Schools for students in grades seven through nine (formerly grades seven and eight) in a K–12 system are often labeled â€Å"junior high schools.† The word can also refer to someone of inferior rank (â€Å"lieutenant junior grade,† for example, as opposed to a full lieutenant, or â€Å"junior account executive†) or, in fashion, a clothing category for slender women and girls. As an adjective, junior means â€Å"younger,† â€Å"youthful,† â€Å"more recent† (with a connotation of inferiority or subordination), â€Å"lower in rank,† or â€Å"on a smaller scale.† It also applies to class standing or, as part of the phrase â€Å"junior varsity,† an athletic team subordinate to the varsity, or the primary team. Senior, borrowed directly from Latin and meaning â€Å"older,† is related to senile and senescence but has usually more positive connotations than those cognates. It refers to someone older than another or of higher rank. A senior in college or high school is in the final year of study, and senior might also refer, in an academic context, to a high-ranking fellow at a university. The abbreviation Sr., following a name (again, with no intervening comma), indicates that the man so named has a son with the exact same name. As an adjective, senior designates someone or something as having been born, or established or enrolled, before another, or being of higher rank. (Some military hierarchies have, for example, senior captains, who rank above captains.) Senior has also become a synonym for elderly with what is widely considered a more positive connotation; it’s a truncation of â€Å"senior citizen.† It’s applied in phrases such as â€Å"senior center† and â€Å"senior rights.† Like junior, senior can have a derogatory connotation, though, as in â€Å"senior moment,† a light-hearted reference to forgetfulness as a symptom of aging, it is usually not meant to insult. But take care with using either term to note, respectively, someone’s youth or inexperience or their age. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Body Parts as Tools of MeasurementDouble Possessive

Operations Strategy in a Global Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operations Strategy in a Global Market - Essay Example The first step is for the company to know its customers by making sure consistent communication between management and customers occurs, more commonly known as a "customer-centric approach" (Longo). Second, it is important to create products where domestic production would be most beneficial for U.S. customers, and identify opportunities for products that would be best produced globally. This process, according to Longo, is known as "competencies analysis." Finally, a target consumer base must be developed in keeping with future marketing trends. Longo also suggests that it is important to evaluate the competitive intensity of companies in the same or similar fields, both local and foreign, and to involve customers in the planning stages of new products. One important factor in keeping up with Information Technology (IT) changes in the present economy is the willingness to create partnerships and mergers in order to stay ahead of progress. DuPont, long known as a scientific corporation, has now emerged as one of the most innovative companies in the technology field following its collaborative partnership with Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) and Accenture. DuPont's key outsourcing objective to deliver reduced costs for its IT operations and applications maintenance has been achieved at a rate of between six and eight percent lower than the projected baseline (DuPont). Until the late 1980s, Canadian steel company Dofasco competed on price by producing as much steel as possible at the lowest possible prices. However, in 1992, it found itself in debt and losing money. The "competing on cost" strategy was not working, and the company realized it had to refocus by developing new and innovative products and providing its customers with solutions for high-quality and specialized applications. The business strategy was called Solutions in Steel and focused on operational excellence, technology, and innovations, as well as intimate customer relationships. By 2000, it was No. 1 among North American steel suppliers. McGraw Hill has included the Dofasco vignette in its sample study (Steelmaker, p. 2) as an example of the importance of formulating a successful business strategy. There is no doubt that cost and price are two important factors in succeeding in business, but they cannot be the only factors involved. As noted above, pricing strategy is dependent on innovation, cooperation, partnerships, and updating information technology. Quality In marketing, a positive public image does more for a company than offering more for less in the price field. Once the image is established, customers will be willing to pay higher prices for a dependable known brand. One example is Maytag, established for all time as the best appliance a customer can buy. Although partly due to a low-key television ad in which the Maytag repairman never has anything to do, the product has shown itself to be almost maintenance-free in operation. The words "made in Japan" were at one time indicative of low-quality products, but Japan turned things

Ell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ell - Research Paper Example lish Language Learners such as different linguistic backgrounds, varying levels of proficiency in English, varying levels of proficiency in native language, and cultural factors, it is important to design the most appropriate type of assessments for these learners. Various types of assessments for English Language Learners include formative and summative assessments, objective and subjective assessments, informal and formal assessments, and internal and external assessments. While formative assessments such as quizzes and practices tests strengthen memory recall, summative assessments including tests and exams are designed to evaluate knowledge, skills, and abilities of the learner. Apart from these, the two types of assessments that are commonly used with ELLs include large-scale assessments and alternate classroom assessments. â€Å"A comprehensive assessment system tied to instructional improvement is an essential aspect of a quality educational program that will directly impact children’s early academic achievement. Many studies have confirmed the powerful effect a well designed early education program with appropriate assessment can have on ELL’s emerging bilingualism, in addition to English language acquisition and overall cognitive development.† (Espinosa and Là ³pez, 2007, p. 20). In short, it is essential to design the most appropriate type of assessments for English Language Learners in order to improve their language abilities in every aspect. 2. Why is it important to include language objectives as well as content objectives in a lesson plan? How should you post them and share with students? Write a content and language objective from the content area English language learning. The lesson plan section of the effective instructional strategy incorporates language objectives as well as content objectives in order to help the educators be focused on the outcome of classroom instruction. This has been one of the important guidelines for the educators

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Curriculum is an important part of the education system. As such it has to be evaluated every now and then so that it remains effective in addressing the learning needs of the students in different levels. A curriculum evaluation team should represent all of the persons that are directly or indirectly affected by the curriculum. To successfully evaluate the curriculum, the team should be composed of educators, knowledgeable students, school administrators, pedagogy practitioners and psychologists. With such a team, the impact of the curriculum can be effectively evaluated. Online communication tools help a team working online in a working environment by helping the team members use the online platform while communicating with each other. Such tools can also hinder them because they cannot interact with each other face to face and they have to rely on the text and images they are manipulating on their screens. Much of the details they have to consider may be lost in the process. The goal of the curriculum and how it will be achieved is the most important factor that should be examined in the curriculum. This can set apart a good curriculum from the merely acceptable ones. Although this may be a comprehensive and tedious process, the team can analyze this if they consider the elements of the curriculum in its totality and not only in its individual components. The team can stay on track by establishing a schedule and arriving at a set of deliverables. This way, the team will know the progress that they are making and what areas they need to work on more. It would also be important for them to celebrate their accomplishments and the way they meet their targets.

Elijah McCoy :: essays research papers

Elijah McCoy was born in Colchester, Ontario Canada on May 2, 1844, the son of former slaves who had fled from Kentucky before the U.S. Civil War. Educated in Scotland as a mechanical engineer, Elijah McCoy returned to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. He began experimenting with a cup that would regulate the flow of oil onto moving parts of industrial machines. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines, U.S. 129,843, which issued on July 12, 1872. The invention allowed machines to remain in motion to be oiled; his new oiling device revolutionized the industrial machine industry. Elijah McCoy established his own firm and was responsible for a total of 57 patents, the term â€Å"real McCoy† refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery. His contribution to the lubricating device became so popular that people inspecting new equipment would ask if the device contained the real McCoy, This helped popularize the American expression, meaning the real thing. His other inventions included an ironing board and lawn sprinkler. Elijah McCoy died on October 10, 1929 after a year in the Eloise Infirmary, Eloise, Michigan, suffering from senile dementia caused by hypertension. He was buried in Detroit, Michigan. Elijah McCoy was born in Colchester, Ontario Canada on May 2, 1844, the son of former slaves who had fled from Kentucky before the U.S. Civil War. Educated in Scotland as a mechanical engineer, Elijah McCoy returned to the United States and settled in Detroit, Michigan. He began experimenting with a cup that would regulate the flow of oil onto moving parts of industrial machines. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines, U.S. 129,843, which issued on July 12, 1872. The invention allowed machines to remain in motion to be oiled; his new oiling device revolutionized the industrial machine industry. Elijah McCoy established his own firm and was responsible for a total of 57 patents, the term â€Å"real McCoy† refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery.

Political Institutions Essay

Political institutions have been around since nearly all human societies were organized tribally. Over time they have developed into various organizational features and eventually taken the shape they do today. They have proven to be fundamental in virtually all societies worldwide and by being so omnipresent we often take these institutions for granted and do not realize how vital they are for our society. Moreover, because they are so important and play such a big part in our society, there is a major purpose to compare them between time and place. Therefore, this paper will first elaborate on explanations for political institutions and through that process come up with a working definition. Furthermore, it will explain why political institutions play such a major role in our society, and lastly it will argue for why we should compare these institutions. There are countless definitions of political institutions making the term somewhat vague (Klingemann & Goodin, 1996; Peters & Pierre, 1998). It refers not only to formal political organizations such as political parties and parliament, but also to informal constraints such as customs, ideals, guidelines and actions (Peters & Pierre, 1998; North 1990). In addition, Wiens (2012) emphasizes that these formal and informal rules establish and stabilize roles. Moreover, although there is no consensus amongst theorists of what makes an institution political (Garret & Lange, 1995), Max Weber (cited in Gerth & Mills, 1946) and Moe (2005) argue that an institution is political if it influences the distribution of power. As a result, for the purpose of this essay I will combine these scholars’ explanations to create a working definition. Political institutions are sets of formal and informal rules that influence the distribution of power, create roles and by combinations of standards, ethics, instructions and procedures stabilize interaction for occupants of those roles (Wiens, 2012; Peters & Pierre, 1998; North, 1990; Gerth & Mills, 1946; Hall, 1986). Thus for being so ubiquitous, political institutions have profound ramifications for politics and for society at large. Political institutions have been developed by human beings throughout history to generate order and diminish insecurity (North, 1991) One of the main explanations to why they create order is because by influencing the way entities interact in politics, these political institutions significantly affect the potentials for individuals and groups to resolve collective problems and identify shared interest (Weir, 1992; Moe, 2005; Johnson, 2001). One apparent example is how parties create political alliances and in some cases governmental coalitions. Therefore, political institutions are vital as they stabilize and structure interactions (Hall 1986; Przeworski, 2004), and by being forces of stability also offer predictability (Hague & Harrop, 2010). Furthermore, Moe (2005) claims that political institutions essentially exist and are significant because they make people better off. Whereas North (1981; 1990) and Minier (2001) do not fully share this opinion and rather contend that in order to benefit everyone in society and also for the economy to grow rulers have to adopt the correct political institutions. Thus, in order to find what the â€Å"correct† political institutions might be, there is an intrinsic motivation to compare these between time and place. To be able to comprehend the bigger picture of political power it is crucial to understand how political institutions work and in order to develop deeper knowledge about those it is vital to compare them (Beck et al, 2001). Moreover, without comparing there is not much to acquire from a mere description (Pennings, Keman & Kleinnijenhuis, 2005). In other words, returning back to North’s argument, one can hardly know which political institutions that are â€Å"correct† in bringing benefits to everyone by merely observing just one institution. Therefore, a vital reason to compare is to look for useful ideas and to see which political institutions might be good and bad at achieving specific political goals and see if these various institutions can survive in different political settings (Przeworski, 2004; Nikandrov, 1989). In addition, by seeing similarity in difference and difference in similarity and linking ideas and theory to evidence we can gain greater insight and be more aware of alternatives (Friedman, 2011). However, some scholars point to the dangers of comparison (see Faure, 1994; Radhakrishnan, 2009) and it is important to acknowledge those risks. Nevertheless, as Friedman (2011) explains: â€Å"For all the problems and dangers of comparison, in the end it is worse not to compare than to compare† (p. 756). To summarize, first of all political institutions are sets of formal and informal rules that have since the early ages of man stabilized and shaped interactions and outcomes by establishing roles and affecting power relations. Secondly, political institutions are important because they structure individuals and groups to overcome self-interest and rather cooperate for mutual gain. Furthermore, they create order and by offering predictability they reduce insecurity. In addition, arguably, political institutions can benefit everyone in the society and support in economic growth. Thirdly, we should compare political institutions to learn about valuable ideas, be mindful about possibilities and to see how similar and different institutions functions in various contexts. Lastly, we should compare to get a wider and enhanced understanding of how political institutions function and thus also enables us to further comprehend the mechanics of political power. REFERENCE LIST: Beck, T. , Clarke, G. , Groff, A. , Keefer, P. , & Walsh, P. (2001). New tools in comparative political economy: The database of political institutions. World Bank Economic Review, 15(1), 165-176. Faure, A. M. (1994). Some methodological problems in comparative politics. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6(3), 307-322. Friedman, S. S. (2011). Why not compare? Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 126(3), 753-762. Garret, G. , & Lange, P. (1995). Internationalization, institutions, and political change. International Organization, 49(4), 627-655. Gerth, H. H. , & Mills. C. W. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. New York, United States: Oxford University Press. Hague, R. , & Harrop, M. (2010). Comparative government and politics: An introduction (8th ed). New York, United States: Palgrave Macmillan. Hall, P. A. (1986). Governing the economy: The politics of state intervention in Britain and France. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Klingemann, H. , & Goodin, R. E. (1996). A new handbook of political science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Johnson, J. (2001). Path contingency in postcommunist transformations. Comparative Politics 33(3) 253-274. Minier, J. (2001). Political institutions and economic growth. Philosophy & Technology, 13(4), 85-93. Moe, T. M. (2005). Power and political institutions. Perspectives on Politics, 3(2), 215-233. Nikandrov, N. D. (1989). Cross-national attraction in education. Comparative Education, 25(3), 275-282. North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York, United States: Aldine-Atherton. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112. Radhakrishnan, R. (2009) Why compare? New Literary History, 40(3), 453-471. Pennings, P. , Kleman H. , & Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2005). Doing research in political science. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd. Peters, B. G. , & Pierre, J. (1998). Institutions and time: Problems of conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(4), 565-583. Przeworski, A. (2004). Institutions matter? Government and Opposition, 39(4), 527-540. Weir, M. (1992). Politics and jobs: The boundaries of employment policy in the United States. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press. Wiens, D. (2012). Prescribing institutions without ideal theory. Journal of Political Philosophy, 20(1), 45-70.

Lev Vygotsky’s Theory Essay

The development or the growing-up process of a child has been considered as the most critical and crucial part of a person’s life. It is in this stage where most changes take place which determines the strength or weakness of the foundations of one’s skills and capabilities as he or she grows up. Human development has also been an interesting topic or research in the field of psychology over the years. Theories and concepts have been formulated and developed in order to create a wide understanding of the process of human development as it plays a significant part in a person’s foundation as an adult. The developmental process of a child includes several aspects like the physiological, emotional, and cognitive development. In this paper, the focus shall be on cognitive development and the process of language acquisition, as proposed and theorized by Lev Vygotsky. What is Cognitive Development and Language Acquisition? Cognitive development is a part of the overall dynamic process of human maturity. In current media, a lot of products like milk, supplements, and health commodities for children have been advertised to contribute on improving the wellness of a child’s cognitive development. This shows how the current society values this aspect of child development with special importance. Cognitive development pertains to how an individual understands and grasps ideas through learned factors and genetics as well. This developmental aspect is made up of five fields, namely, information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and memory (Wells, 2008). Understanding the whole cognitive development of a child may not be complete without understanding these core fields. However, this paper shall focus on one area which is language development. The definition of intelligence and cognitive development has also become a popular debate among psychologists like Vygotsky and Piaget. Piaget defines intelligence as the ability of an individual to adapt to his or her environment through several adaptation models which include the concepts of assimilation and accommodation, both of which place stronger emphasis on the individual (cited in Lloyd, 1995). On the other hand, Vygotsky argues that cognitive development refers to the capacity of a person to learn through instruction with an emphasis on the environment. Moreover, Vygotsky saw the capability of individuals to learn through instruction as the basic feature of human intelligence (cited in Lloyd, 1995). In medical terms, language development can be identified as the process wherein the complexity of symbols, sounds, and meanings combined is being expanded steadily. This process shall depend on how a person interprets, understands, and perceives objects and symbols as influenced by his or her environment and learning process (Biology Online, 2005). Among children, especially those of 1 to 2 years of age, the early developments in language can be very well observed in their constant cooing, imitation of adult sounds and words, babbling, and use of shortened words and sentences (Biology Online, 2005). Lev Vygotsky’s Views on the Roots of Though and Language Lev Semenovich Vygotsky is a German psychologist who explained and expounded on the genetic approach to the early developments of thoughts and concepts in human development. He connected the changes and transitions occurring in this process from childhood to adulthood through a series of human developmental stages (Marxist Internet Archive, 1990). Although his theories have been rejected in the United States during the earlier part of the political conflict between the U. S. and Soviet Union, his works still became popular as the Cold War ended up to present date. His works basically revolved around the roots of thought and language. It will be easier to understand Vygotsky’s theories in psychology by understanding the main arguments from which his theories are rooted from. His main arguments about intelligence and cognitions state that, (1) thinking is understood developmentally in terms of its roots and succeeding growth at the individual and cultural levels of analysis; (2) thinking is interceded by semiotic mechanisms like speech which can be considered as the most powerful of such mechanisms; and (3) there are certain thinking processes like problem solving, voluntary memory, and self-regulation which have roots from social processes and interactions (Vygotsky cited in Goswami, 2004). As one may observe, more often than not, Vygotsky used the terms â€Å"speech† and â€Å"thinking† than language and thought. This preference to use such terms was believed to be linked with his perception of speech as a social or shared process (Lloyd, 1995). For Vygotsky, the developments of thinking and speech are two separate entities: thought being non-verbal and language being non-intellectual. However, he explained that during a specific time in a person’s life (around the age of two), the lines of development of these two areas start to meet again to induce the creation of a new behavior (Vygotsky cited in Schutz, 2004). He was able to expound his positions on this concept as he noted that, (1) thinking and speech have different roots at the start of their development; (2) at the beginning, there will be a pre-intellectual stage for speech and a pre-linguistic stage for thought; (3) there will come a point in time when these two aspects shall follow different curves unaffected with each other; (4) at a second point, their curves shall meet where thought will turn verbal, and speech, on the other hand, will turn rational; and lastly, (5) thinking and speech are not always overlying each other (Lloyd, 1995). Vygotsky’s theory has also been particular about the construction of words and acquisition of word meanings. He explains that the formation of word and word meaning is in a way related to how a child perceives a problem in communicating with his or her guardian. Vygotsky claims that word meanings are derived from the problem of not knowing what to call or how to describe a specific object, feeling, or thought, which the child usually asks from an adult (cited in Schutz, 2004). Vygotsky also acquired interest in understanding the possibilities that language may indeed affect how a person thinks. In contrast to Piaget’s focus on children’s egocentric and private speech, Vygotsky dealt with language as a form of social communication which progressively supports both language and thinking process. Applications of Vygotsky’s Constructivist Cognition Concept to a Child’s Education and Language formation Vygotsky’s Language Acquistion Theory has been influenced by the constructivist approach. In constructivism, problem solving is the core idea of all forms of learning, thinking, and development; that is, as a child encounters a problem and discovers consequences for its solutions, he or she eventually forms his or her thinking and understanding of a certain concept (Vygotsky cited in Brewer, 2007). In the constructivist view, prior knowledge plays a big part on how a child will perceive things as he or she grows up; that is, it is important for the learner to be able to construct new information into his or her current knowledge because the information connected to the learner’s prior experiences shall be forgotten easily. In application to real life situations, teachers can try to learn about the children’s prior knowledge about a specific problem or a specific topic which confuses them in order to gauge what the children already know and help them understand different experiences (Brewer, 2007). In relation to language development, Vygotsky also coined the concept of the zone of proximal development, which emphasizes that children acquire knowledge about objects and concepts they see as confusing through directed interactions from guardians, teachers, and parents. He explained that what children learn with the guidance and assistance of people around them appears to be a lot more suggestive of their learning development compared to what they usually do alone (Vygotsky, 1987, qtd. in Lloyd, 1995). Thus, speech and word meaning which is acquired by a child alone may not give him or her the utmost linguistic potential he or she can have. Language development as well as the other aspects of development a child goes through in the early years is highly important regardless of the learning genre or theory followed. Theories like Vygotsky’s language acquisition theory are formulated to give people specific basis of the different developmental processes. A child’s language development is never as plain as teaching him or her words and names; rather, it is a complex process which involves crucial elements and key areas where parents, teachers, and concerned guardians have to focus on in order to help the child realize his or her full potential. References Biology Online. (2005, October 3). Language Development.Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. biology-online. org/dictionary/Language_development Brewer, W. (2007). Learning theory: Constructivist approach. Answers. com. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. answers. com/topic/learning-theory-constructivist-approach Goswami, U. (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Lloyd. P. (1995). Psychology: Cognitive and Language Development. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society. Marxist Internet Archive. (1990). Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich (1896-1934). Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. marxists. org/glossary/people/v/y. htm#vygotsky-lev Schutz, R. (2004, December 5). Vygotsky & language acquisition. English Made in Brazil. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. sk. com. br/sk-vygot. html Wells, K. R. (2008). Cognitive development. Encyclopedia of Children’s Health. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. healthofchildren. com/C/Cognitive-Development. html

Starbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable Brand

Starbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable Brand Starbucks is one of the most recognizable brands  in the world. Their brand recognition has reached epic heights thanks to the strength of their marketing and their commitment to keeping their brand consistent. Not all of us have multi-million dollar marketing budgets, which makes replicating Starbucks’ marketing tactics at the same level nearly impossible. However, there are some basic core principles behind the Starbucks marketing strategy that nearly any brand can borrow and implement. In this post, we’ll cover how their commitment to consistent branding made Starbucks the successful brand it is today. We’ll also go over the tactics they are currently using that are continuing their tradition. Plus, we’ll cover actionable takeaways you can use to implement those marketing strategies and basic branding principles yourself. Whats ? is the industrys leading marketing calendar platform, helping over 8000+ marketers get organized. See how you can plan content + social media marketing better. How can you build a brand like Starbucks? Start learning here:Download Your Marketing Strategy Template Bundle Once you’ve read how Starbucks has mastered the art of  branding and marketing strategy, use these templates to get organized, document your strategy, and build brand consistency into everything you do. In this bundle, you’ll receive: A marketing strategy template to format all your ideas into a workable outline for you and your team to follow. A marketing calendar  template to organize all your projects. A brand style guide template to help your marketing team maintain branding consistency. Each of these templates will help you get your marketing team organized and outline the expectations  that need to be met to keep everything consistent. Starbucks Marketing Strategy: How to Create a Remarkable BrandThe History Of Starbucks Starbucks was founded in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. At first, the coffee company only sold coffee beans and didn’t offer the premium coffee drinks it's known for now. The famous logo, inspired by Norse woodcutting  that contained a siren, the mermaid-like figure has been with the company since its inception (although it has undergone a few redesigns). In 1986, the original owners sold Starbucks to former manager Howard Schultz, who took the brand and helped build it into the coffee behemoth it is today. Here is a brief overview of the growth the company has experienced in the last 47 years:

Good Organization Is Good Strategy With Lindsay Scarpello From OBI Creative

Good Organization Is Good Strategy With Lindsay Scarpello From OBI Creative Does it feel like you are trying to herd cats? Managing your marketing that way is not strategic. Get organized to manage your time, help you predict how long projects will take, and plan ahead to get real results. Today, we’re talking to Lindsay Scarpello, an organizational mastermind with a background in journalism. Marketers need to think like journalists. Learn organizational and time management skills, as well as how processes and workflows are imperative for success. Some of the highlights of the show include: Lindsay’s role at OBI Creative, a research and communications advertising agency Lindsay’s employment background in journalism and marketing Build trust with customers through education and high-quality content Organizational skills needed for marketers to succeed Time Management: You can’t miss deadlines and must be willing to hustle Decipher and present data in a digestible way Find and implement tools to maximize your time; keep using what works for you Lindsay plans ahead to stay organized with her time Be aware of what’s going on by using To Do list apps, notebook, or other tools Build a foundation of organizational skills to boost results and be an investment Organization becomes a habit in your personal and professional life Spend time defining processes to be able to execute them Content Planning Process: Research, build strategy/create steps, receive feedback, and implement How to plan content ahead of time using rules of marketing Be tech savvy and have working knowledge of all Microsoft Office programs Know how your brain works and your company’s goals   Ã‚   Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By AMP083: Why â€Å"Good Organization Is Good Strategy† With Lindsay Scarpello From OBI Creative 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Links: Lindsay Scarpello OBI Creative Mary Ann O’Brien Wunderlist Evernote Microsoft Office Panda Planner HubSpot Buffer Flywheel AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Lindsay: â€Å"I think it all goes back to writing. I think being able to write content and create content has been paramount to brand success.† â€Å"In order to engage on social, in order to attract customers, regardless of what kind of customer you have, you have to build trust.† â€Å"You have to be planning ahead because the news doesn’t wait for anyone.†

Increased GDP and Poverty Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Increased GDP and Poverty - Movie Review Example In essence, the elite and the rich have continued to impose their will along with other elements that have caused poverty. The cheap labor poses to be a problem because it does not allow families to be self-sufficient. Copenhagen was transformed through increased GDP and poverty. The video states that many businesses are keen on increasing their value and equity as organizations in commerce have cut costs and increased profit margins. Furthermore, banks have increased their capital in a hefty way by paying off cash. It is clear that businesses have cut costs, built up cash and enjoyed historically large profit margins, which is a huge element for the US Economy. Additionally, banks have reinforced their capital and are able to convert into solid liquidity. Households have reduced debt loads—some by walking away from them, others by paying them off. Many have locked in low interest rates on mortgages. Due to unemployment rates declining, consumer spending as mentioned in this article has slowly been increasing since the fiscal year started. That is a positive element undoubtedly because it stimulates the economy. Rectifying unemployment is the first solution that is the contributing element of a healthy.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Reading response - Essay Example In my opinion, the text reveals a number interesting religious notions that were commonplace at that time in the society. The text reveals that the established religious norms of the society were close or similar to the protestant faith. It was for this reason that Mrs. Hutchinson was repeatedly asked about this aspect. As was common in most of the older societies, opposing or questioning religious beliefs was not an option for the ordinary people. The religion appears to be the property of Church or the ruling class and it was molded as and when needed. I strongly feel that Mrs. Hutchinson’s stand against the status quo was itself sufficient to stand apart; since no one in the society was willing to accept or talk about the reality. Mrs. Hutchinson’s ideology can be equated to antinomianism – an idea that was unacceptable for the ruling class. The primary reason for unacceptability appears to be the control that this class intended to exert on the other classes of the society. I feel that religion and justice have always been used as tools to control the masses; religion acted by manipulating the people emotionally and by taking control of their belief system, whereas judicial system provided the authority that was required to control those who failed to align with the religious teachings or controls. I am forced to think critically about the role of judicial system that was functioning at the time of Mrs. Hutchinson. At various points in the text, it appears that there is a single person in the court who is defending her case; there is no attorney to assist her about the legalities of her case or to assist her in taking a solid defense. Instead, it appears that a couple of men, who are inclined towards taking punitive action against the lady are surrounding her from all sides and as soon as she leaves one of them ‘answerless’, the other jumps in, to divert her attention or to

Artifical Intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Artifical Intelligence - Term Paper Example an important mission of artificial intelligence paradigm is to create human like intelligence in machine to reinstate and assist humans in everyday tasks. The basic purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of autonomous cars with a particular focus on AI techniques used in the development of these cars. AI is a complete science which encompasses a wide variety of concepts and ideas. This paper will discuss these concepts briefly. This paper will discuss different AI techniques that are being used in these cars. Some of the well-known techniques are outlined below: Basically, robotics is a field of artificial intelligence which deals with the study of robots. In this scenario, robots refer to machines that are used to carry out tasks which can be performed by humans. In fact, some robots are made so intelligent that they can perform their work without instructions. While the majority of robots always has an instructor guiding them what to do (Dunbar, 2013). Additionally, the robot is a Czech word, which is used for robota, meaning "forced labor." In addition, this term was first used by Czech writer Karel Capek in a play in 1920. In this play, the robots ultimately take over their creators (Rouse, 2007). Physically, a robot contains the same components as humans have. In this scenario, a robot has some kind of motor, a portable physical structure, a power supply, a sensor system and a processing system "brain" that is responsible for controlling all of these components. Fundamentally, robots are human created forms of animal life but actually they are machines which are intended to replicate human and animal behavior (Harris M. C., 2010; Berlin, 2011; Harris T. , 2013). According to (Stergiou & Siganos, 2010), â€Å"an artificial neural network is a data processing model that is inspired by the method of biological nervous systems information processing.† Neural Network is also a renowned and heavily researched area of the AI. Stergiou & Siganos

Is Human Population Growth A Threat Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Human Population Growth A Threat Environmental Sciences Essay Even though population is often considered a sensitive topic, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the concept that population growth threatens the environment. The rapid increase in population growth over the past few centuries has led to an increasing interest in, and a growing concern for population growth as one of the key threats to the environment. A threat to the environment can be in many different forms, such as soil erosion, climate change, deforestation, wastes, and pollution. The aim of the following essay is to explore how population growth is considered to contribute to these issues and degrade the environment. In order to achieve this aim the essay will be split into two main parts. The first section will outline theories that argue population growth is a threat to the environment. This will be supported by Malthus and Meadows et al. In order to gain a succinct analysis this essay will concentrate on the natural environment, in particular exploring how defor estation is threatened by population growth. However, the second part of the essay will challenge this and purport that population growth does not endanger the environment. It will argue that an increasing population could improve environmental quality. It also will claim if resources are managed sustainable then population growth will not negatively affect the environment. This is supported by Tiffen and Mortimore and Fox. Local case studies are used as micro studies show the relationship between population and deforestation more clearly, as macro studies are affected by many other influences. Finally the conclusions reached are population growth is not the root cause of environmental damage. If resources are managed sustainably and new technologies are used, then population growth itself would not threaten the environment. A positive correlation between population growth and environmental damage Overpopulation [is] our number one environmental problem (Rodnguez-Tnias 1994:1379). Since 1650 the rate of population growth has increased. This has resulted in a rapid increase of the world population which rose from 3.3 billion in 1965 to over 6 billion by the year 2000. Thus world population almost doubled in just 35 years and the rate of growth itself was also rising. Moreover a billion people were added to the world population from 1987 to 1999, an increase equivalent to the total world population in 1804 (Panayotou 2000). This relatively recent increase in world population has led to a mounting concern for how population growth affects the natural environment and natural resources (Meadows et al 2005:28). There are many reasons as to why population growth is seen as a threat to the environment. For example, human populations use up natural resources, omit greenhouse gases contributing to climate change, destroy habitats resulting in loss of biodiversity, and increase air and water pollution levels. Hence, almost all environmental issues are either directly or indirectly related to population. Furthermore, it is often reported in the media that a growing population is an environmental threat, further increasing the concern. For example Andrew Woodcock reports in The Independent that a booming population is a threat to climate change (2006 online). There has been a simultaneous trend of a growth in population and a steep decrease in environmental quality and an increase in resource depletion (Panayotou 2000).Consequently, population growth is often considered the greatest and key threat to the environment. The debate on the correlation between population and the environment began over 150 years ago when classical political economists such as Malthus (1798) identified a relationship between population and food supply. He argued that population grew exponentially, whereas food supply would only grow arithmetically, resulting in major food shortages. He claimed that the pressure on agricultural land would result in a decline in environmental quality, forcing cultivation of poorer quality land. He criticised the idea that agricultural improvements could be made and expand with limits and claimed that the power of population growth was greater than the earths ability to support man. Malthus concluded that population growth must limited to remain within environmental restrictions, as the earths resources are finite. Malthus theory that the size of population is dependent on food supply and agricultural methods, This idea was resurrected in the 20th century, by key publications, most notably The Limits to Growth by Meadows et al (1972) and The Population Bomb by Ehrlich (1968). This new body of work by contemporary authors is referred to as neo-Malthusianism. The debate however has shifted from agricultural land to concerns about the role of population growth in the depletion of other natural and renewable resources, and the effect of population growth on climate change and on biodiversity loss. Meadows et al (1972) argued that population growth can create problems because of environmental limits. They argued that population growth cannot continue indefinitely and used past data to predict future trends in world population, resource depletion, pollution and food production. They claimed that the limits of the planet will be reached within the next century and that population could therefore not carry on growing. In their 30 year update in 2005 they argued their conclusions were even more imp ortant today. They claimed that there is now land scarcity and the limits have been approached, which is especially serious as population keeps rising and resources are being depleted. Growth in the globes population could lead to the possibility for a potential catastrophic overshoot (Meadows et al 2005). Livi-Bacci (2001) points out that in Bangladesh the limits have already been reached, hence population cannot carry on growing. This is similar to Ehrlich (1968) who argued that there should be action to reduce population growth otherwise there would be mass starvation. The growth of world population increases the demands on natural resources, making it difficult to protect these resources, thus declining environmental quality (Sitarz 1993). Hence there are reasons to worry about the effect population growth will have on the environment in the long term (Sen 1994). Consequently the consensus is that there is a population problem (Neumann 2004:817). Population growth causes problems in the local environment. There is no single guide to analysing the state of the environment; therefore the relationship between population and environment is usually evaluated in terms of individual resources or measurements of environmental quality (Panayotou 2000). Environmental quality can be measured by the stock of forests or by the absence of air and water pollution. The affect population growth has on deforestation has received considerable attention as forests play a key role in wildlife habitats, the carbon cycle, and a source of raw material. At the global scale deforestation contributes to global warming, and at a local scale leads to soil degradation (Fairhead and Leach 1995, Nyerges and Green 2000). There is evidence which supports Malthusian arguments that an increasing population has a negative effect on environmental stocks. The role of population growth is particularly clear in fragile environments such as forests (Livi-Bacci 2001). The cause of deforestation is frequently seen as a result of population pressures as population growth increases the need for arable land, resulting in a conversion of forest land to other uses (Cropper and Griffith 1994). Malthus argued population growth would result in a higher need for agricultural land and this results in a decline of forest land particularly in Africa and Latin America (Livi-Bacci 2001). 60% of the worlds deforestation is a result of the need for more agricultural land (Pimentel and Pimentel 1999). Each year, 70 million people are added to world population, mostly in developing countries and 15 million square kilometres of forests disappear(Panayotou 2000:25). This research led to many people hypothesising that more people m ust result in fewer forests, as the higher the population growth, the faster this process will take place (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990, Rudel 1991). This will cause a steep decrease in forest size from year to year. Forests frequently owe their origins to depopulation, therefore resulting in the conclusion that population growth causes deforestation, especially in poor and developing countries (Fairhead and Leach 1994). This affect is more observed at the local level, for example Cropper and Griffith (1994) used panel data for Asia, Africa and Latin America between 1961 and 1988 and found a positive relationship between deforestation and population growth. Additionally, Fairhead and Leach (1995) identified that there was an observed decline in forests in The Ziama Forest Reserve in Guinea as a result of growing populations, which have moved away from traditional methods. IUCN report on Ziama states that forest cover in this part of Guinea is now only 20% of what it was at origin' and t he report emphasizes that the forest is regressing rapidly (cited in Fairhead and Leach 1995:1029). Therefore the decline of forests reflects the populations who cleared it (Fairhead and Leach 1994). Furthermore Sambrook et al (2004) did a study of 450 traditional hillslope farms in the Dominican Republic, and found there was positive relationship between population pressure and deforestation. They found that for the entire 1987 farm sample, 52% of the variation in deforestation is explained by population pressures (p36). This effect can also been seen at the country level, for example in Thailand deforestation was caused by demographic pressure from migration (Livi-Bacci 2001). Consequently, population growth causes a disproportionate negative impact on the environment (Ehrlich and Holdren 1971:1212). There is a conventional wisdom that population growth is responsible for deforestation. This supports the neo-Malthusian view that population growth is the root cause of environmental degradation, and growing demands for finite resources. Therefore the solution is direct population control (Panayotou 1996). If population growth is a major threat to the environment then steps must be taken to reduce the rates of growth. Livi-Bacci (2001) argues that a decline population increase will diffuse the issue of the environment. Therefore there is an immediate need to develop strategies aimed at controlling world population growth (Sitarz 1993:44). This means that there needs to be support for family planning throughout the world especially in developing countries which have the highest rates of population growth, and less access to family planning (Barlett 1994). Therefore, slowing the increase in population, especially in the face of rising demand for natural resources, can help protect the environment. As population size reaches even higher levels the environment is at risk and the outcome is impossible to predict, therefore policies to reduce population are needed (Upadhyay and Robey 1999). However, the next section will counter this and argue population growth is not a threat and therefore there is no need for population controls. Population growth is not the key issue for threats to the environment There is scepticism about whether population growth is the key threat to the environment, as Monbiot (2008 online) writes is population really our number one environmental problem? Even though there is evidence of a correlation between population growth and a decrease in environmental quality, a nearly perfect correlation does not necessarily imply causation. Otherwise, it would be expected that countries with the highest population such as China and India would have the highest use of natural resources (Panayotou 2000). The worldwide average per capita use of forest resources is 0.75 ha, whereas in China, a country which approximately 20% of the world population uses less that average forest resources with only 0.11ha/capita (Pimentel and Pimental1999). Some problems have been raised over the Malthusian view of population growth threatening the environment. The world has coped with fast increases in population, even though Malthus predicted terrible disasters. At the time he wrote there were fewer than a billion people in world but he felt the earths limits had past. The world population has grown six times larger since 1798, but contrary to what Malthus predicted, food production grew even higher (Sen 1994). Clearly, Malthus (1798, 1803) did not foresee the technological advances of the last two centuries as a result of the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Like other classical writers he assumed that land productivity was fixed (Panayotou 2000). Boserup opposes Malthus theory arguing that agricultural methods depend on population size (Darity 1989). Boserup (1965) theorised that population determined agricultural methods, therefore the power of initiative and new innovations would overcome the power of demand. This means po pulation growth would not continue to degrade the environment as communities would switch to new and more intensive methods of the land. Thus population growth does not result in a degradation of the environment because populations will change to another system with a higher carrying capacity. Therefore, the issue is not the numbers of people, but how those numbers relate to available resources (Barlett 1994:9). Technological changes and better management of resources would ensure that a population can expand the earths capacity. It can be argued that population growth is in fact the driving force for efficiency and technological innovation ensuring growth without damaging the environment (Panayotou 1996). For example an increase in agricultural yields can offset the effect of population growth on deforestation as a 10% increase in agricultural yields from technological change would result in a 1.1% reduction in deforestation (Panayotou 2000). Therefore the effects of population gro wth can be reduced by modern technology and increased efficiency (Cropper and Griffiths 1994). Consequently, an environmental crisis can be avoided if steps are taken to conserve and manage resources and demand sustainably (Upadhyay and Robey 1999). Therefore the natural environment and resources has never been fixed but has expanded due to innovation. The limits to growth are not defined as they are connected to the effects of technological growth and cultural choices (Livi-Bacci 2001). This rejects Malthuss argument as he assumed land productivity was fixed, whereas Boserup (1965, 1976) argues that famine is not possible as technological changes would allow food production to keep up with population growth. In addition, more efficient and environmentally sound agricultural technologies must be developed and put into practice to support the continued productivity of agriculture (Pimentel and Pimentel, 1996). Meadows et al (1972) and Ehrlich were wrong to suggest population growth would lead to environmental degradation as it may result in conservation or an improvement of the natural environment. This view does not restrict the levels of population but suggests it can actively improve the environment. Tiffen and Mortimore (1994) argued against Malthusian views and pointed out that population growth does not necessarily threaten the environment as better management and investment would ensure the natural environment is protected. Agricultural labour requirements increased not because of a larger amount of cropped land but because of larger labour requirements, as Boserup suggests. They pointed out that an increasing population would increase access to sources of knowledge and using technologies. This enables outputs to rise faster than population growth. Like Tiffen and Mortimore, Murton (1999) also argued against Malthusian arguments. He used example in the Machakos district in Kenya whi ch showed that environmental conservation occurred during periods of population increase. Therefore, population growth is an important means of improving environmental quality. Therefore, if resources are management sustainably then population growth can protect the environment. He found population growth has a positive influence on forests as farmers became more dependent on non-agricultural sources of income. Therefore, Malthus is wrong to suggest there would be a catastrophe as population increase can have a positive influence on forests. This is supported by Fox (1993) who did research on forest resources in a Nepali village Bhogteni in 1980 and 1990 and found despite an annual population growth rate of 2.5%, forests were found to be in much better condition in 1990 than they were in 1980 (p89). Thus population growth had a positive influence on forest resources. He found that Nepali farmers began to develop their own methods for conserving the forests through community manageme nt. This result in an increase of forest resources as in 1980 private woodlots had 179 trees/ha compared to 489 trees/ha in 1990. Therefore population growth does not necessarily lead to downward spiral of land degradation. Fairhead and Leach (1994) also identified a counter-narrative for their evidence, as local residents argued they had created the patches of forest around their villages, not destroyed it. Oral history suggests that the villages encouraged and managed the growth of forest islands around their villages. Therefore, it is not necessarily the case that the area was originally forest prior to increase of the population. It is conceivable that management of the local resources was partially responsible for the spread of forest areas, from earlier savanna-like conditions. They point out that more villages actually resulted in more forest islands. The Ziama region was originally bare rock not forest land. Therefore there is a broader narrative (Fairhead and Leach 1995). T herefore the wrong interpretations were made based on stereotypes (Fairhead and Leach 1994). Conversely, oral history is not fact, or based on empirical evidence and cant apply these local/village findings everywhere. Hence the validity of these arguments is questionable. While this rejects Malthusian arguments, as population growth did not lead to further environmental degradation, it does not confirm Boserups hypothesis that population growth would lead to new innovations. Furthermore, population growth creates the incentive to protect the environment, as costs of existing resources increase and benefits from substitutes are realised (Panayotou 2000). Therefore the rapid population growth in Bhogteni may have resulted in an increased willingness of the villages to seek better management for forest lands. Thus forests would not have been perceived as threatened if there was not a high population growth rate. Fox (1993) also argues that other variables contributed to the management of the forest in Bhogteni, such as an introduction of a new road and changes in forest tenure. Nevertheless, while population growth can trigger land use changes it is not the root cause of environmental damage. The root cause results from market failures, especially in developing countries where property rights are neither defined nor enforced. Thus the private cost of deforestation is zero. Therefore, because they have no right of ownership to the land they have no incentive to protect it and make efficient land-use decisions (Panayotou 2000). We should recognize, however, that the immediate threat to these lands is not population growth but bad forest management policies. Before population can be cited as the cause of forest degradation, forest policies must be implemented that provide incentives for local people to manage forest resources (Fox 1993). It is often the conclusion that population drives deforestation, however, the context must be kept in mind, such as open access forest resources, low levels of education, insecurely held agricultural land. These all combined prevent response to population growth. Therefore a more complete analysis should look at all these factors. Furthermore, other issues also affect the rate of deforestation. Holdren (1991) used a mathematical formula I = P x A x T to show how population, affluence and technology have an impact on the environment. He claimed that environmental policies should focus on consumption rathe r than population growth. Population growth is a factor among other issues. While the Brundtland Report (1987) states that population growth is not the central problem. Furthermore, if a country has a higher income then the rate of deforestation is likely to be slower. As income rises, people use other energy sources and modern agricultural techniques which reduces the demand for agricultural land. Therefore reducing the rates is population growth is not necessarily the best method for decreasing the rate of deforestation (Cropper and Griffiths 1994). Therefore all of these factors are responsible for a deterioration of the environment and all need to be tackled. Therefore population is only one factor among many, and the interactions of these factors are crucial for driving the deforestation process. Policies are needed to tackle poverty in developing countries and high consumption levels in developed countries first (Saxena and Nautiyal 1997). However, it depends what level is being studies as micro studies may find significant negative effects on resources from population pressures on the local environment, while macro studies identify no resource constraints at the national or global level. This distinction between macro or aggregate, analysis and micro, or more disaggregated analysis is one that you could develop further. One of the points that this leads to is questions of control of resources and the uses to which they are put. Macro-level and micro-level analysis may lead to different insights and conclusions in this regard. Micro studies-even though better analyse the effect of population growth also mask the wider socio-economic factors which may result in environmental degradation (Murton 1997). Therefore there are complications for tracing the effect of world population on the global environment (Panayotou 2000) The interlocking crises in population, resources, and environment (Ehrlich and Holdren 1971). The Malthusian theory of population growth and resource degradation is clearly a myth that needs to be slain.p97 (Fox1993). Conclusion From examining the evidence above it is clear that there is little agreement on the relationship between population and environment, there is a tremendous variation in findings and their interpretation. The selective use of evidence gives rise to outcomes that range from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic. The objective of this essay was to review analytically and critically the arguments on the population-environment interface. This essay has outlined Malthusian arguments of population growth causing environmental degradation. This essay has also explored counter-evidence to this, arguing that innovation and a better management of resources can offset the effects of population growth. This essay has also argued that other factors affect are the cause of deterioration in environmental quality. A more complete analysis should incorporate these factors and their interaction with population growth. It is generally agreed that population growth is an indirect threat to the environment. Therefore direct threats need to be addressed. Issues such as poverty need to be solved to improve environmental quality, not reducing population numbers. However, whether evidence is used from macro or micro scales can skew the results. To conclude that much more empirical research, with more sophisticated models, is necessary before we can fully understand the role of population dynamics (density, growth, distribution and composition) on deforestation. Javas population quadrupled in the last 100years. However, environmental damage was due to economic reasons not population growth. Failure to improve agricultural productivity and to create non-agriculutral employment has intensified population pressures. Panayotou (1996).